Respect is the acknowledgment that someone or something has value. The showing of thoughtfulness and consideration. To refrain from intruding upon or interfering with. To respect a person's privacy. To relate or have reference to. Respect is commonly the result of admiration and approbation, together with deference. To feel respect for a great scholar. Esteem is deference combined with admiration and often with affection. To hold a friend in great esteem.
As a sign of respect in almost any form of the military is a salute. A salute is used by enlistees to show respect to officers (and vice-versa; to not return a salute to a subordinate is considered offensive) and by officers to those of higher rank. The 21-gun salute is done within the military for funerals of military members and for high-ranking civilians such as the President.
Respect has great importance in everyday life. As children we are taught (one hopes) to respect our parents, teachers, and elders, school rules and traffic laws, family and cultural traditions, other people's feelings and rights, our country's flag and leaders, the truth and people's differing opinions. And we come to value respect for such things; when we're older, we may shake our heads (or fists) at people who seem not to have learned to respect them. We develop great respect for people we consider exemplary and lose respect for those we discover to be clay-footed, and so we may try to respect only those who are truly worthy of our respect.
A. Paragraph 1
a. Topic Sentence
Respect is the acknowledgment that someone or something has value
b. Supporting detail.
-The showing of thoughtfulness and consideration
-To refrain from intruding upon or interfering with
-To respect a person's privacy
-To relate or have reference to
-Respect is commonly the result of admiration and approbation, together with deference
-To feel respect for a great scholar
c. Main Idea
Respect
d. The supporting detail is given in the form of.
In detail form
B. Paragraph 2
a. Topic Sentence
-As a sign of respect in almost any form of the military is a salute
b. Supporting detail.
-A salute is used by enlistees to show respect to officers
-The 21-gun salute is done within the military for funerals of military members and for high-ranking civilians such as the President
-To not return a salute to a subordinate is considered offensive
c. Main Idea
Salute.
A. The supporting detail is given in the form of.
Detail
C. Paragraph 3
a. Topic Sentence
Respect has great importance in everyday life
b. Supporting detail.
- As children we are taught (one hopes) to respect our parents, teachers, and elders, school rules and traffic laws, family and cultural traditions, other people's feelings and rights, our country's flag and leaders
-And we come to value respect for such things; when we're older, we may shake our heads (or fists)
-We develop great respect for people we consider exemplary and lose respect for those we discover to be clay-footed, and so we may try to respect only those who are truly worthy of our respect.
c. Main Idea
Respect
c. The supporting detail is given in the form of.
Detail
Saturday, March 21, 2009
Example of Congregation
The Congregation of Holy Cross or Congregatio a Sancta Cruce is a Roman Catholic congregation of priests and brothers founded in 1837 by Blessed Father Basil Anthony-Marie Moreau, CSC, in Le Mans, France.
Father Moreau also founded the Marianites of Holy Cross, now divided into three independent congregations of sisters. The Congregations of women who trace their origins to Father Moreau are the Marianites of Holy Cross (Le Mans, France), the Sisters of the Holy Cross, (Notre Dame, Indiana), and the Sisters of Holy Cross, (Montreal, Canada).
Basile Antoine-Marie Moreau, born at Laigné-en-Belan, near Le Mans, France, on February 11, 1799, founded the Congregation of Holy Cross. Basile Moreau saw a visible image of the Holy Family in this Congregation of Holy Cross which he had conceived as an Association of religious men and women working together on equal footing for the building of the reign of God. He intended that this Congregation, composed at its origins of three distinct Societies, namely, Sisters, Priests, and Brothers, be an apostolic institute. As Father Moreau stated in one of his letters, he envisioned that: “Holy Cross will grow like a mighty tree and constantly shoot forth new limbs and new branches which will be nourished by the same sap and endowed with the same life.”
Spirituality
“We pray with the church, we pray in community and we pray in solitude. Prayer is our faith attending to the Lord, and in that faith we meet him individually, yet we also stand in the company of others who know God as their Father.” Blessed Basil Moreau formed the Congregation of Holy Cross, exhorting his religious to conform themselves to Christ
• by trusting in Divine Providence
• by finding hope in the Cross of self-emptying love
• by standing by others as the Mother of Sorrows stood by her son
• by working together zealously as educators in the faith.
the priest’s spiritual life is centered around his service as celebrant of the Mass and as one who brings the sacraments to the people of God.Blessed Father Moreau called upon the spiritual aid of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph, giving to each of the three groups he established a patron from the Holy Family.
• He consecrated the priests to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
• He consecrated the brothers to the pure heart of Saint Joseph.
• He consecrated the sisters to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.
And he also established Mary, under her title of Our Lady of Sorrows, as special patroness for all of Holy Cross. Learn more about the congregation’s devotion to Our Lady and embrace of spiritual practices.
Father Moreau also founded the Marianites of Holy Cross, now divided into three independent congregations of sisters. The Congregations of women who trace their origins to Father Moreau are the Marianites of Holy Cross (Le Mans, France), the Sisters of the Holy Cross, (Notre Dame, Indiana), and the Sisters of Holy Cross, (Montreal, Canada).
Basile Antoine-Marie Moreau, born at Laigné-en-Belan, near Le Mans, France, on February 11, 1799, founded the Congregation of Holy Cross. Basile Moreau saw a visible image of the Holy Family in this Congregation of Holy Cross which he had conceived as an Association of religious men and women working together on equal footing for the building of the reign of God. He intended that this Congregation, composed at its origins of three distinct Societies, namely, Sisters, Priests, and Brothers, be an apostolic institute. As Father Moreau stated in one of his letters, he envisioned that: “Holy Cross will grow like a mighty tree and constantly shoot forth new limbs and new branches which will be nourished by the same sap and endowed with the same life.”
Spirituality
“We pray with the church, we pray in community and we pray in solitude. Prayer is our faith attending to the Lord, and in that faith we meet him individually, yet we also stand in the company of others who know God as their Father.” Blessed Basil Moreau formed the Congregation of Holy Cross, exhorting his religious to conform themselves to Christ
• by trusting in Divine Providence
• by finding hope in the Cross of self-emptying love
• by standing by others as the Mother of Sorrows stood by her son
• by working together zealously as educators in the faith.
the priest’s spiritual life is centered around his service as celebrant of the Mass and as one who brings the sacraments to the people of God.Blessed Father Moreau called upon the spiritual aid of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph, giving to each of the three groups he established a patron from the Holy Family.
• He consecrated the priests to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
• He consecrated the brothers to the pure heart of Saint Joseph.
• He consecrated the sisters to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.
And he also established Mary, under her title of Our Lady of Sorrows, as special patroness for all of Holy Cross. Learn more about the congregation’s devotion to Our Lady and embrace of spiritual practices.
Persecution of Christian 1st
1st period of Persecution under Nero, 64-68 A.D.
The first documented case of imperially-supervised persecution of the Christians in the Roman Empire begins with Nero (37-68). In 64 A.D., a great fire broke out in Rome, destroying portions of the city and economically devastating the Roman population. Nero himself was suspected as the arsonist by historian Suetonius, claiming he played the lyre and sang the 'Sack of Ilium' during the fires. In his Annals, Tacitus (who claimed Nero was in Antium at the time of the fire's outbreak), stated that "to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace" (Tacit. Annals XV, see Tacitus on Jesus).
People Who are persecuted: Many people were persecuted during the Holocaust and the time period before it. Jews were the primary focus, but others including Poles, Slavics, gypsies, homosexuals, mentally handicapped, physically handicapped, trade unionists, communists, and many more were targeted. Many political opponents and other possible competitors were murdered as well.
Persecution from the second century to Constantine
By the mid 2nd century, mobs could be found willing to throw stones at Christians, and they might be mobilized by rival sects. The Persecution in Lyon was preceded by mob violence, including assaults, robberies and stonings.
Further state persecutions were desultory until the third century, though Tertullian's Apologeticus of 197 was ostensibly written in defense of persecuted Christians and addressed to Roman governors The "edict of Septimius Severus" familiar in Christian history is doubted by some secular historians to have existed outside Christian martyrology.
The first documentable Empire-wide persecution took place under Maximinus, though only the clergy were sought out. It was not until Decius during the mid-century that a persecution of Christian laity across the Empire took place. Christian sources aver that a decree was issued requiring public sacrifice, a formality equivalent to a testimonial of allegiance to the Emperor and the established order. Decius authorized roving commissions visiting the cities and villages to supervise the execution of the sacrifices and to deliver written certificates to all citizens who performed them. Christians were often given opportunities to avoid further punishment by publicly offering sacrifices or burning incense to Roman gods, and were accused by the Romans of impiety when they refused. Refusal was punished by arrest, imprisonment, torture, and executions. Christians fled to safe havens in the countryside and some purchased their certificates, called libelli. Several councils held at Carthage debated the extent to which the community should accept these lapsed Christians.
The Great Persecution (3rd persecution)
The persecutions culminated with Diocletian and Galerius at the end of the third and beginning of the fourth century. Their persecution, the Great Persecution is considered the largest. Beginning with a series of four edicts banning Christian practices and ordering the imprisonment of Christian clergy, the persecution intensified until all Christians in the empire were commandeded to sacrifice to the gods or face immediate execution. Over 20,000 Christians are thought to have died during Diocletian's reign. However, as Diocletian zealously persecuted Christians in the Eastern part of the empire, his co-emperors in the West did not follow the edicts and so Christians in
This persecution lasted, until Constantine I came to power in 313 and legalized Christianity. It was not until Theodosius I in the later fourth century that Christianity would become the official religion of the Empire. Between these two events Julian the Apostate did temporarily renew Pagan and Christian hostilities.
Some early Christians sought out and welcomed martyrdom. Roman authorities tried hard to avoid Christians because they "goaded, chided, belittled and insulted the crowds until they demanded their death."193 One man shouted to the Roman officials: "I want to die! I am a Christian," leading the officials to respond: "If they wanted to kill themselves, there was plenty of cliffs they could jump off."194 Such seeking after death is found in Tertullian's Scorpiace but was certainly not the only view of martyrdom in the Christian church. Both Polycarp and Cyprian, bishops in
The conditions under which martyrdom was an acceptable fate or under which it was suicidally embraced occupied writers of the early Christian Church. Broadly speaking, martyrs were considered uniquely exemplary of the Christian faith, and few early saints were not also martyrs.
The New Catholic Encyclopedia states that "Ancient, medieval and early modern hagiographers were inclined to exaggerate the number of martyrs. Since the title of martyr is the highest title to which a Christian can aspire, this tendency is natural". Estimates of Christians killed for religious reasons before the year 313 vary greatly, depending on the scholar quoted, from a high of almost 100,000 to a low of 10,000.
Invention during Renaissance
clock.gif (1035 bytes)Clocks
The first mechanical clock was invented in the early 1300's. With this invention time began to be measured in hours (24 hours equaling a day).
Galileo, an Italian scientist, discovered the pendulum in 1581. The pendulum greatly improved the constant movement of the hands or bell of a clock. The average error with the pendulum varied only by seconds each day. Before this the error was from 10 to 15 minutes a day.
During the 1600's the metallic gear, or toothed wheel, and the use of the screw in assembling the clocks were first used.
glasses.gif (184 bytes)Eyeglasses or Spectacles
Historians are not certain who invented the first spectacles. In the late thirteen century around 1287 paintings first appeared with people wearing or holding spectacles. From these paintings we know that spectacles were invented in Italy.
Around 1300 the Venetian Glassmaker's Guild made regulations on glasses. They made it illegal for glasses to be made with glass lenses in place of the more valuable rock crystal.
In 1352 eyeglasses were only worn by the well educated, very rich noblemen or well read Italian clergy. At this time a monk named Tommaso da Modena documented the church had painted a fresco with an older churchman wearing glasses while looking over an old manuscript.
In 1456 Gutenberg invented the printing press. This created a widespread of books. Once people owned books reading glasses began to be seen in the hands of the common people. These glasses were made with a variety of materials including wood, lead, copper, bone, leather, and even horn.
In 1623 the Spanish invented the first graded lenses. This improved the trial and error method of trying on different lenses until one pair helped the wearer to see better.
tolietpaper.gif (1042 bytes)Flush Toilet
Sir John Harrington, godson to Queen Elizabeth, made the first flush toilet for himself and his godmother in 1596. He was teased by his friends and never made another one although he and Queen Elizabeth continued to use the one he did make.
Two hundred years later Alexander Cummings reinvented the flush toilet more commonly called the water closet. Cummings invented the strap. The strap was a sliding valve between the bowl and the trap.
Two years later in 1777 Samuel Prosser applied for and received a patent for a plunger closet. A year later Joseph Bramah invented a valve at the bottom of the bowl that worked on a hinge.
bomb.gif (944 bytes)Gunpowder
Gunpowder was invented around 1040. The Chinese used gunpowder in the early 1230's to launch fireworks and in weapons.
Gunpowder was probably used for the first time in Europe during the Battle of Crécy in 1346. Historians do not know if this invention was carried from China to Europe or in The Europeans invented it independently.
The invention of gunpowder greatly changed the way men fought. The Medival knight could not defend himself against firearms and cannons. Knights were replaced by the foot soldier who carried firearms.
Between 1670 and 1729 William Congreve developed rockets to use during wars.
In the seventeenth century the gun was developed by the English and Dutch armies.
microscope.gif (1035 bytes)Lenses ( Microscope and Telescope) telescope.gif (1059 bytes)
The first useful microscope was developed in the Netherlands between 1590 and 1608. Three different eyeglass makers are given credit for this invention. The inventor was probably Hans Lippershey who developed the first real telescope, or Hans Janssen and his son Zacharias.
Galileo helped popularize the microscope in the early 17th century. After Robert Hooke published his book Micrographia in 1665 men began to take the microscope seriously.
Many people feared the microscope until the 19th century when improvements made to the lenses created a clear image. At this time many advances in medicine and hygiene could be made with the microscope.
In 1608 a Dutch eyeglass maker named Hans Lippershey made the first telescope. In 11668 Isaac Newton improved the telescope by adding mirrors instead of lenses.
Galileo Galileo was the first person to use the telescope to study the heavens. He made many discoveries including that the moon had huge valleys and craters. He also discovered four moons orbiting Jupiter. Galileo discovered the planets revolve around the sun and not around the earth. His discoveries were printed in a book called Starry Messenger in 1610.
book.gif (1087 bytes)Printing Press
The printing press was invented in 1436 by a German named Johannes Gutenberg. Gutenberg was a goldsmith. Before the printing press was invented, monks had to copy everything by hand. Hand written books took months or years to hand print. This made books very expensive.
Ink, movable type, paper, and the press had been invented. Gutenberg creatively combined these inventions to devise the printing press. Gutenberg used the printing press to put ink on hundreds of individual letters. These letters were engraved in slabs of brass. These letters were arranged in words, sentences, then paragraphs. After this stage as many copies as needed could be made quickly. When a different page was need the individual letters had to be completely rearranged.
The Bible was the first book to be mass produced. The Gutenberg Bible was also known as the 42 line Bible from the number of lines on each page. It was published in 1456 in Mainz, Germany.
sub.gif (1079 bytes)Submarine
The first underwater warship was developed by Leonardo da Vinci. da Vinci kept his plans secret because he didn't want to make war any more terrifying than it already was.
In 1578 William Borne began drawing plans for a submarine. His submarine was never built. Borne's submarine worked by using extra tanks which could be filled so the submarine would submerge. The tanks would be emptied for the submarine to surface.
In 1620 Cornelis Drebbel, a Dutch inventor, built a leather covered rowboat with oars. The oars came out through watertight seals. Twelve people could ride in the submarine. Drebbel was an engineer who worked for the British navy. Drebbel was the first to discuss the problem of air replenishment while the submarine submerged. Drebbel's submarine could only go down about fifteen feet. It could stay underwater for a couple of hours.
wallpaper.gif (949 bytes)Wallpaper
In 1496 the first paper mill came into operation in England. English artist soon make wallpaper decorated with hand painted designs, stencils, and wood-block prints. For the next 200 years England was a large producer of wallpaper for Europe.
Before wallpaper was invented only the wealthy people could afforded to decorate the wall of their castles. They used woven tapestries. The tapestries kept the cold castle walls warmer. The designs woven into the tapestries told stories. The lower class hung cheaper painted cloth imitations for the walls of their homes.
End
Trivia
Three-Leaf clover: A symbol of the Trinity, the clover was a symbol of protection for the household, of a prosperous, joyous, long marriage, and of great joy and good fortune.
Pansy: Pansies symbolized memories, loving thoughts, and a yearning for a loved one. During the Renaissance, pansies were used in salads, deserts, and entrees, as well as for garnishes and table decorations. Ancient myth attributed the flower's exquisite coloring to cupid, who reportedly shot an arrow into a white flower, thus forever changing its color.
Rose: Representing love, sexual love, and secrecy, white roses represented innocence. White rose buds awaked love, peach roses desire, and pink roses a secret love."
Recipes of renaissance
Gluhwein
(Hot spiced wine)
1 bottle red wine (German)
2 cloves
2 cinnamon sticks
1/2 cup sugar
1 orange, sliced thin
1 lemon, sliced thin
1 small box raisins (optional)
4oz. Rum
Combine wine, cloves, cinnamon sticks, and sugar, and bring to a boil. Lower heat and add fruit and rum. Simmer one hour, strain, serve.
**********************
Built between 1475 and 1483, in the time of Pope Sixtus IV della Rovere, the Sistine Chapel has originally served as Palatine Chapel. The chapel is rectangular in shape and measures 40.93 meters long by 13.41 meters wide, i.e. the exact dimensions of the Temple of Solomon, as given in the Old Testament. It is 20.70 meters high and is roofed by a flattened barrel vault, with little side vaults over the centered windows.
The architectural plans were made by Baccio Pontelli and the construction work was supervised by Giovannino de' Dolci. The first Mass in the Sistine Chapel was celebrated on August 9, 1483.
The wall paintings were executed by Pietro Perugino, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Cosimo Rosselli, Luca Signorelli and their respective workshops, which included Pinturicchio, Piero di Cosimo and Bartolomeo della Gatta.
Michelangelo Buonarroti was commissioned by Pope Julius II della Rovere in 1508 to repaint the ceiling; the work was completed between 1508 and 1512. He painted the Last Judgement over the altar, between 1535 and 1541, being commissioned by Pope Paul III Farnese.
Accomplishment of SIR WALTER RALEIGH
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In that colorful life of his he gained the title of a Renaissance man, which is a universal well-rounded man. This was a goal that every man wanted to achieve. The things needed to gain this title were steep. Firstly, you had to have cultural grace. Raleigh was prominent in the royal court. Secondly, you had to be a gentleman. There are rumors that Raleigh put his coat over a mud puddle for the queen to step over and Raleigh was a knight. You had to be of noble birth or of a noble position. Raleigh was a favourite of the queen, prominent in the royal court and was the captain of the army of Ireland. Courage was also one of the characteristics. Raleigh was an explorer who led expeditions to North America and South America. He also established colonies on Roanoke Island on two separate occasions (1585 and 1587). When he was facing execution he joked with the executioner and gave the signal for the axe to fall. A Renaissance man must be well-educated. Raleigh attended Oxford and studied law. You had to be articulate. Raleigh had a good grasp of the English language. He wrote books: History of The World, Discovery of Guinea, and a poem "The Last Fight of the Revenge." Usually a Renaissance man must have an understanding of the arts and the sciences; he was a good writer. He also introduced potatoes and tobacco to England.
The first mechanical clock was invented in the early 1300's. With this invention time began to be measured in hours (24 hours equaling a day).
Galileo, an Italian scientist, discovered the pendulum in 1581. The pendulum greatly improved the constant movement of the hands or bell of a clock. The average error with the pendulum varied only by seconds each day. Before this the error was from 10 to 15 minutes a day.
During the 1600's the metallic gear, or toothed wheel, and the use of the screw in assembling the clocks were first used.
glasses.gif (184 bytes)Eyeglasses or Spectacles
Historians are not certain who invented the first spectacles. In the late thirteen century around 1287 paintings first appeared with people wearing or holding spectacles. From these paintings we know that spectacles were invented in Italy.
Around 1300 the Venetian Glassmaker's Guild made regulations on glasses. They made it illegal for glasses to be made with glass lenses in place of the more valuable rock crystal.
In 1352 eyeglasses were only worn by the well educated, very rich noblemen or well read Italian clergy. At this time a monk named Tommaso da Modena documented the church had painted a fresco with an older churchman wearing glasses while looking over an old manuscript.
In 1456 Gutenberg invented the printing press. This created a widespread of books. Once people owned books reading glasses began to be seen in the hands of the common people. These glasses were made with a variety of materials including wood, lead, copper, bone, leather, and even horn.
In 1623 the Spanish invented the first graded lenses. This improved the trial and error method of trying on different lenses until one pair helped the wearer to see better.
tolietpaper.gif (1042 bytes)Flush Toilet
Sir John Harrington, godson to Queen Elizabeth, made the first flush toilet for himself and his godmother in 1596. He was teased by his friends and never made another one although he and Queen Elizabeth continued to use the one he did make.
Two hundred years later Alexander Cummings reinvented the flush toilet more commonly called the water closet. Cummings invented the strap. The strap was a sliding valve between the bowl and the trap.
Two years later in 1777 Samuel Prosser applied for and received a patent for a plunger closet. A year later Joseph Bramah invented a valve at the bottom of the bowl that worked on a hinge.
bomb.gif (944 bytes)Gunpowder
Gunpowder was invented around 1040. The Chinese used gunpowder in the early 1230's to launch fireworks and in weapons.
Gunpowder was probably used for the first time in Europe during the Battle of Crécy in 1346. Historians do not know if this invention was carried from China to Europe or in The Europeans invented it independently.
The invention of gunpowder greatly changed the way men fought. The Medival knight could not defend himself against firearms and cannons. Knights were replaced by the foot soldier who carried firearms.
Between 1670 and 1729 William Congreve developed rockets to use during wars.
In the seventeenth century the gun was developed by the English and Dutch armies.
microscope.gif (1035 bytes)Lenses ( Microscope and Telescope) telescope.gif (1059 bytes)
The first useful microscope was developed in the Netherlands between 1590 and 1608. Three different eyeglass makers are given credit for this invention. The inventor was probably Hans Lippershey who developed the first real telescope, or Hans Janssen and his son Zacharias.
Galileo helped popularize the microscope in the early 17th century. After Robert Hooke published his book Micrographia in 1665 men began to take the microscope seriously.
Many people feared the microscope until the 19th century when improvements made to the lenses created a clear image. At this time many advances in medicine and hygiene could be made with the microscope.
In 1608 a Dutch eyeglass maker named Hans Lippershey made the first telescope. In 11668 Isaac Newton improved the telescope by adding mirrors instead of lenses.
Galileo Galileo was the first person to use the telescope to study the heavens. He made many discoveries including that the moon had huge valleys and craters. He also discovered four moons orbiting Jupiter. Galileo discovered the planets revolve around the sun and not around the earth. His discoveries were printed in a book called Starry Messenger in 1610.
book.gif (1087 bytes)Printing Press
The printing press was invented in 1436 by a German named Johannes Gutenberg. Gutenberg was a goldsmith. Before the printing press was invented, monks had to copy everything by hand. Hand written books took months or years to hand print. This made books very expensive.
Ink, movable type, paper, and the press had been invented. Gutenberg creatively combined these inventions to devise the printing press. Gutenberg used the printing press to put ink on hundreds of individual letters. These letters were engraved in slabs of brass. These letters were arranged in words, sentences, then paragraphs. After this stage as many copies as needed could be made quickly. When a different page was need the individual letters had to be completely rearranged.
The Bible was the first book to be mass produced. The Gutenberg Bible was also known as the 42 line Bible from the number of lines on each page. It was published in 1456 in Mainz, Germany.
sub.gif (1079 bytes)Submarine
The first underwater warship was developed by Leonardo da Vinci. da Vinci kept his plans secret because he didn't want to make war any more terrifying than it already was.
In 1578 William Borne began drawing plans for a submarine. His submarine was never built. Borne's submarine worked by using extra tanks which could be filled so the submarine would submerge. The tanks would be emptied for the submarine to surface.
In 1620 Cornelis Drebbel, a Dutch inventor, built a leather covered rowboat with oars. The oars came out through watertight seals. Twelve people could ride in the submarine. Drebbel was an engineer who worked for the British navy. Drebbel was the first to discuss the problem of air replenishment while the submarine submerged. Drebbel's submarine could only go down about fifteen feet. It could stay underwater for a couple of hours.
wallpaper.gif (949 bytes)Wallpaper
In 1496 the first paper mill came into operation in England. English artist soon make wallpaper decorated with hand painted designs, stencils, and wood-block prints. For the next 200 years England was a large producer of wallpaper for Europe.
Before wallpaper was invented only the wealthy people could afforded to decorate the wall of their castles. They used woven tapestries. The tapestries kept the cold castle walls warmer. The designs woven into the tapestries told stories. The lower class hung cheaper painted cloth imitations for the walls of their homes.
End
Trivia
Three-Leaf clover: A symbol of the Trinity, the clover was a symbol of protection for the household, of a prosperous, joyous, long marriage, and of great joy and good fortune.
Pansy: Pansies symbolized memories, loving thoughts, and a yearning for a loved one. During the Renaissance, pansies were used in salads, deserts, and entrees, as well as for garnishes and table decorations. Ancient myth attributed the flower's exquisite coloring to cupid, who reportedly shot an arrow into a white flower, thus forever changing its color.
Rose: Representing love, sexual love, and secrecy, white roses represented innocence. White rose buds awaked love, peach roses desire, and pink roses a secret love."
Recipes of renaissance
Gluhwein
(Hot spiced wine)
1 bottle red wine (German)
2 cloves
2 cinnamon sticks
1/2 cup sugar
1 orange, sliced thin
1 lemon, sliced thin
1 small box raisins (optional)
4oz. Rum
Combine wine, cloves, cinnamon sticks, and sugar, and bring to a boil. Lower heat and add fruit and rum. Simmer one hour, strain, serve.
**********************
Built between 1475 and 1483, in the time of Pope Sixtus IV della Rovere, the Sistine Chapel has originally served as Palatine Chapel. The chapel is rectangular in shape and measures 40.93 meters long by 13.41 meters wide, i.e. the exact dimensions of the Temple of Solomon, as given in the Old Testament. It is 20.70 meters high and is roofed by a flattened barrel vault, with little side vaults over the centered windows.
The architectural plans were made by Baccio Pontelli and the construction work was supervised by Giovannino de' Dolci. The first Mass in the Sistine Chapel was celebrated on August 9, 1483.
The wall paintings were executed by Pietro Perugino, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Cosimo Rosselli, Luca Signorelli and their respective workshops, which included Pinturicchio, Piero di Cosimo and Bartolomeo della Gatta.
Michelangelo Buonarroti was commissioned by Pope Julius II della Rovere in 1508 to repaint the ceiling; the work was completed between 1508 and 1512. He painted the Last Judgement over the altar, between 1535 and 1541, being commissioned by Pope Paul III Farnese.
Accomplishment of SIR WALTER RALEIGH
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In that colorful life of his he gained the title of a Renaissance man, which is a universal well-rounded man. This was a goal that every man wanted to achieve. The things needed to gain this title were steep. Firstly, you had to have cultural grace. Raleigh was prominent in the royal court. Secondly, you had to be a gentleman. There are rumors that Raleigh put his coat over a mud puddle for the queen to step over and Raleigh was a knight. You had to be of noble birth or of a noble position. Raleigh was a favourite of the queen, prominent in the royal court and was the captain of the army of Ireland. Courage was also one of the characteristics. Raleigh was an explorer who led expeditions to North America and South America. He also established colonies on Roanoke Island on two separate occasions (1585 and 1587). When he was facing execution he joked with the executioner and gave the signal for the axe to fall. A Renaissance man must be well-educated. Raleigh attended Oxford and studied law. You had to be articulate. Raleigh had a good grasp of the English language. He wrote books: History of The World, Discovery of Guinea, and a poem "The Last Fight of the Revenge." Usually a Renaissance man must have an understanding of the arts and the sciences; he was a good writer. He also introduced potatoes and tobacco to England.
Scrap Book About Poverty,Miseducation,Overpopulation
UNDERSTANDING PROVERTY IN THE PHILIPPINES
October 2001. The Population Commission (Popcom) said there are 30.6 million Filipinos or 6.12 million families who are suffering from poverty. I took consolation with the notion that we are not alone, yet this dismayed over the complacency of our national government officials who seem undisturbed by the fact that 40 percent of their constituents live below the poverty line throughout the country's 78 provinces, 84 cities or 41,940 barangays. How can they sit back and relax?
There are about 77 million Filipinos today, and this number is growing by 2.05 percent annually. This means that some 1.5 million Filipinos are born every year, 600,000 of whom to poor parents. Some 32.5 million Filipinos, comprising 66.3 percent of the population, are considered matured enough to work. But 3.3 million of these people, or 10.1 percent of the workforce, cannot find jobs while 5.2 million others, or 17.7 percent, have no regular source of income.
By international standards, these are critical problems. The Taiwanese government is in the brink of panic, because the unemployment rate in that country just north of Luzon is threatening to hit 5 percent, year-on-year. Yet, our Filipino government officials are sitting relaxed inside posh restaurants and five-star hotels, as 8.5 million Filipinos or 28 percent of the workforce are trying to figure out where to source the next meal for their families.
According to the World Bank, the Philippines had a per capita GNP of US$1,050 in 1999, compared to China's US$780, Indonesia's US$600, Vietnam's US$370, Lao's US$290 or Cambodia's US$280. Yet, the Philippines' poverty incidence rate of 40 percent is higher than China's 3 percent, Indonesia's 23 percent, Vietnam's 37 percent, Lao's 38 percent or Cambodia's 36 percent. Why is that? Wealth in the Philippines is concentrated on the hands of the few, that's why. It is the World Bank, and not the NDF, which gave such explanation.
Now consider this, the prestigious Forbes magazine has included at least five Filipinos in the list of world billionaires (US dollars). Let us rejoice! Imagine, highly industrial and welfare states like France, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden do not have a single representative to the billionaires' circle.
Among Southeast Asian countries, poverty incidence is most extreme in the Philippines where some 15.3 million Filipinos (half of the poor population) wake up every morning without food on the table. These people are called subsistence individuals or whose income cannot provide for basic food requirements. Popcom's data is even conservative because in its interpretation, a family of six earning a total of P72,000 a year is not considered poor. In contrast, a study conducted by the National Wages and Productivity Commission (NWPC) pegged the minimum income that a family of six must earn annually at P191,874 in order to live decently in Metro Manila.
The labor sector has been demanding for a P125 daily wage hike or 50 percent of the current level but the group of employers claimed that such wage adjustment would force many establishments out of business. Listening more to the rhetoric of the rich rather than to the howl of the poor, the Regional Tripartite Wage Board has approved only a P30 daily wage increase in the metropolis. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) event want us to believe that the previous minimum daily wage of US$5 (P250) in Manila is much higher than China's US$1. Ironically, the Philippines reported a poverty incidence rate of 40 percent, much higher than China's 3 percent.
What makes things more difficult for us is the high prices of commodities. The country's inflation rate, estimated at 6 to 7 percent annually, is the highest in Asia. Japan, a super rich country, is ironically having a deflation.
Let us make some computation. A person who is covered by the minimum wage would not take home P250 a day. Most likely, the wage, after tax and pension deductions, on top of travel and meal expenses, would amount to something like P150. A person who passes by a fastfood center, which is not in anyway a luxurious restaurant, might spend at least P50, or 33 percent of his take-home income on a roll of rice and a fried chicken wing. That explains his purchasing power. Imagine spending all of your daily income in just three meals at an inexpensive restaurant. Food is supposed to account for less than 20 percent of a man's expenses.
While it might be true that a P125 daily wage adjustment will be bad for business (the Central Banks warned it would push inflation rate to 18 percent), this might be the only option that the poor has against poverty. Unless the government can do something like bringing the prices of food and other basic commodities, there is no other recourse but to increase the poor's purchasing power. The government needs to do its own computation, and put some system in managing the affairs of the nation.
Sadly, it seems that our government officials haven't learned anything from the past. Only last year, about 500 people were killed when a 50-meter pile of garbage collapsed on their makeshift houses in a dumpsite in Quezon City. This was the absolute face of poverty, whose image failed to instill understanding among our numb leaders. Now, who could blame the 20,000 protesters who stormed to Malacanang Palace last May 1. The people in the media, who were not even aware on what the attack was about, had the guts to brand these protesters a mob of poor and undisciplined warriors.
It also seems that the current crop of leaders have nothing to offer, and one opposition senator even admitted that in 30 years, the Philippines will not even reach the level of Thailand, which I understand, is still a poor country. This is anything but encouraging. Imagine spending the next 30 years of your life in poverty (if the tension in Central Asia does not lead into another world war, of course). We wait for a day that one leader will rise to change our mindset and status in life. Someone who will promise to turn the Philippines into a country of mostly rich people in his lifetime and can convince us that he really can.
THE CAUSE OF PROVERTY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Poverty
- Poverty in the Philippines
- Causes for poverty in the Philippines
- Some solution that can solve the poverty in Philippines
- Reasons and solutions for poverty for most countries such as India and other countries suffering from widespread poverty
One of the most recent questions tonight is:
"Some solution that can solve the poverty in Philippines"
To answer that question we first need to analyze sincerely but critique the various causes for poverty in the Philippines as well as in most other countries.
Poverty can be manifold - poverty in the Philippines can be divided by priority into following causes:
- Poverty in the Philippines caused by laziness to work harder and more hours
- Poverty in the Philippines caused by lack of quality consciousness
- Poverty in the Philippines caused by lack of love FOR God and thus FOR all his children on earth
- Poverty in the Philippines caused by abuse by rich ones
- Poverty in the Philippines caused by mismanagement of government due to lack of sincere interest for the benefit of ALL
- Poverty in the Philippines caused by social injustice created by mankind / industry / money world / investors / rich ones
- Poverty in the Philippines caused by accidents / disasters / war / political instability
- Poverty in the Philippines caused by personal karma.
From one perspective, poverty is a function of total output of an economy relative to its population--GNP per capita--and the distribution of that income among families. In the World Bank's World Development Report, 1990, the Philippines was ranked at the lower end of the grouping of lower middle-income economies. Given its relative position, the country should be able to limit the extent of poverty with a reasonably equitable sharing of the nation's income. In fact, the actual distribution of income was highly skewed (see table 12, Appendix). Although considerable underreporting was thought to occur among upper-income families, and incorrect reporting from lack of information was common, particularly with respect to noncash income, the data were adequate to provide a broad overview.
In 1988 the most affluent 20 percent of families in the Philippines received more than 50 percent of total personal income, with most going to the top 10 percent. Below the richest 10 percent of the population, the share accruing to each decile diminished rather gradually. A 1988 World Bank poverty report suggested that there had been a small shift toward a more equal distribution of income since 1961. The beneficiaries appear to have been middle-income earners, however, rather than the poor.
The World Bank report concluded, and many economists associated with the Philippines concurred, that the country's high population growth rate was a major cause of the widespread poverty, particularly in the rural areas. Implementation of a government-sponsored family-planning program, however, was thwarted by stiff opposition from the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church (see Population Control , ch. 2). Church pronouncements in the late 1980s and early 1990s focused on injustice, graft and corruption, and mismanagement of resources as the fundamental causes of Philippine underdevelopment. These issues were in turn linked to the concentration of control of economic resources and the structure of the economy. Land ownership was highly unequal, but land reform initiatives had made little progress.
In urban areas also, the extent of poverty was related to the concentrated control of wealth. Considerable portions of both industry and finance were highly monopolized. Access to finance was severely limited to those who already possessed resources. The most profitable investment opportunities were often in areas in which tariff or other forms of government protection ensured high profits but did not necessarily result in rapidly expanding employment opportunities. In her election campaign President Aquino pledged to destroy the monopolies and structures of privilege aggravated by the Marcos regime. She looked to the private sector to revitalize the economy, create jobs for the masses of Filipinos, and lead the society to a higher standard of living. The state-protected monopolies were dismantled, but not the monopoly structure of the Philippine economy that existed long before Marcos assumed power. In their privileged positions, the business elite did not live up to the President's expectations. As a consequence, unemployment and, more importantly for the issue of poverty, underemployment remained widespread.
ACTIONS TAKEN TO FIGHT POVERTY IN THE PHILIPPINES
THERE ARE CAMPAIGNS, and there are campaigns. have. From mobilizing for students rights and welfare to anti-US military bases, from indigenous people’s right to self-determination to freedom from East Timor, from fund raising for ailing activists and artists to peace campaign for Mindanao.
But the Stand Up, Take Action campaign has a different take. One, it is competing against itself to break the Guinness Book of World Records for the most number of people who stood up against poverty; second the need to coordinate the actions of various people’s movements and governments, and consolidate these efforts; third, the follow through, meaning building up from what has been achieved to perhaps set an even bigger record next year.
And we are not talking of the discourse yet as to how breaking the Guinness record can actually end poverty!
But the persistence of the global organizers and the enthusiasm of the people’s movements all over will spell the difference. The GCAP experience in the Philippines runs along the same course.
The 50-50 Campaign
The 50-50 campaign was a product of the brainstorming of the coordinating committee in July. It took its cue from World Vision’s 50 Little Things, a guide book for children on how to help make a better Philippines.
Coalition members readily agreed to seek personal commitments to end poverty and submit these to the government as testimonies of a people wanting to end poverty, and demand from the government to fulfill its promises .
Interestingly, after the agreement in the CC level, Chona Ramos of SENCA informed us of the international campaign In My Name which is similar in many ways to our 50-50 campaign. At least, we are confident we are in the same wavelength !
The Philippine secretariat took the initiative to draft the content of the sign up form, passed it to CC for deliberation , editing and approval.
When the forms were out, we noticed a slow turn in of signed-up forms. It was then we realized there’s just too much text in the form, and demands too much to read and tick off. But it is too late to change. We complemented it with an online petition and a Facebook cause invitation
Meanwhile, on the ground, coalition members continued to gather signatures. By the evening of October 17, Stand Up day, here are the figures we gathered (including figures from World Vision and UNYAP:
* 50-50 sign up forms - 26,462
* Facebook - 790
* Online Petition - 187
Mobilization
Preparations for the October 17 mobilization started Monday, 13 october, the International Day of Action Aghainst Debt and IFIs when GCAP-Phils partnered with Freedom from Debt Coalition for a round table discussion on Debt and Climate Change.
This was followed by street mobilization on October 16, World Food Day with some 200 people demanding government program for food sovereignty and sustainability. In the afternoon of the 16th, GCAP also took part in a round table discussion organized by ODA Watch.
On Day 1 of Stand Up Day, October 17, some 1,500 fisherfolk and supporters from GCAP marched to and picketed the Department of Agriculture. The picket dramatized the fisherfolk’s demand to scrap the free trade agreements, specifically the recent one with Japan (JPEPA).
Simultaneous with the picket, the youth organized a sign-up campaign in a public high school in Quezon City and gathered 1,871 signatures. Down south, youth volunteers also in Cagayan de Oro also organized their own sign up centers and gathered 2,751 signatures.
In the evening, some 2,000 plus people gathered at the Liwasang Bonifacio for the finals of the Rap Against Poverty competition, back to back with Palag Na! an anti-VAT concert. Prior to the competition, we had a showing of the video Missed Targets, produced earlier by GCAP and Social Watch on the failure of the Arroyo government to meet its promises to the poor.
On Saturday and Sunday, artists involved in the rights and welfare of the indigenous peoples organized an art camp. Some 5,000 attended the two whole day event.
Media
Notice for the rap finals saw print in two tabloids and a major daily. The National Coordinator was interviewed over the ABS-CBN News Channel (ANC) in the morning of October 17 with two rappers (significantly, the two won top prize) and over dzBB, a radio station in the afternoon.
Likewise the signature campaign gained the support of local movie and television celebrities
The Stand Up Take Action Day also merited solidarity messages from two Senators, Loren Legarda and Mar Roxas. Both are rumored to be eyeing the presidency in 2010.
Projection and Continuity
While Stand Up Day is over and done with, the campaign for the eradication of poverty continues, and will now build up for the December Human Rights Day.
The signature campaign will continue until we reach the target one million signature. The rap music composed by the finalists will be produced in an album (with additional songs, also talking of poverty eradication, by members of the board of judges).
But first, we need to get back to the list of those who signed up to thank them and maintain relationship with them, at least through online communications to keep them in the loop of the anti-poverty advocacy.
EDUCATION
IN
THE
PHILIPPINES
EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
In 1991 the education system was reaching a relatively large part of the population, at least at the elementary level. According to 1988 Philippine government figures, which count as literate everyone who has completed four years of elementary school, the overall literacy rate was 88 percent, up from 82.6 percent in 1970. Literacy rates were virtually the same for women and men. Elementary education was free and, in the 1987 academic year, was provided to some 15 million schoolchildren, 96.4 percent of the age-group. High school enrollment rates were approximately 56 percent nationwide but were somewhat lower on Mindanao and in Eastern Visayas region. Enrollment in institutions of higher learning exceeded 1.6 million.
Filipinos have a deep regard for education, which they view as a primary avenue for upward social and economic mobility. From the onset of United States colonial rule, with its heavy emphasis on mass public education, Filipinos internalized the American ideal of a democratic society in which individuals could get ahead through attainment of a good education. Middle-class parents make tremendous sacrifices in order to provide secondary and higher education for their children.
Philippine education institutions in the late 1980s varied in quality. Some universities were excellent, others were considered "diploma mills" with low standards. Public elementary schools often promoted students regardless of achievement, and students, especially those in poor rural areas, had relatively low test scores.
The proportion of the national government budget going to education has varied from a high of 31.53 percent in 1957 to a low of 7.61 percent in 1981. It stood at 15.5 percent in 1987. The peso amount, however, has steadily increased, and the lower percentage reflects the effect of a larger total government budget. Although some materials were still in short supply, by 1988 the school system was able to provide one textbook per subject per student. In 1991 the Philippine government and universities had numerous scholarship programs to provide students from low-income families with access to education. The University of the Philippines followed a "socialized tuition" plan whereby students from higher income families paid higher fees and students from the lowest income families were eligible for free tuition plus a living allowance.
Historical Background
Many of the Filipinos who led the revolution against Spain in the 1890s were ilustrados. Ilustrados, almost without exception, came from wealthy Filipino families that could afford to send them to the limited number of secondary schools (colegios) open to non-Spaniards. Some of them went on to the University of Santo Tomás in Manila or to Spain for higher education. Although these educational opportunities were not available to most Filipinos, the Spanish colonial government had initiated a system of free, compulsory primary education in 1863. By 1898 enrollment in schools at all levels exceeded 200,000 students.
Between 1901 and 1902, more than 1,000 American teachers, known as "Thomasites" for the S.S. Thomas, which transported the original groups to the Philippines, fanned out across the archipelago to open barangay schools. They taught in English and, although they did not completely succeed in Americanizing their wards, instilled in the Filipinos a deep faith in the general value of education. Almost immediately, enrollments began to mushroom from a total of only 150,000 in 1900-1901 to just under 1 million in elementary schools two decades later. After independence in 1946, the government picked up this emphasis on education and opened schools in even the remotest areas of the archipelago during the 1950s and the 1960s.
Education in the Modern Period
The expansion in the availability of education was not always accompanied by qualitative improvements. Therefore, quality became a major concern in the 1970s and early 1980s. Data for the 1970s show significant differences in literacy for different regions of the country and between rural and urban areas. Western Mindanao Region, for example, had a literacy rate of 65 percent as compared with 90 percent for Central Luzon and 95 percent for Metro Manila. A survey of elementary-school graduates taken in the mid-1970s indicated that many of the respondents had failed to absorb much of the required course work and revealed major deficiencies in reading, mathematics, and language. Performance was poorest among respondents from Mindanao and only somewhat better for those from the Visayan Islands, whereas the best performance was in the Central Luzon and Southern Tagalog regions.
Other data revealed a direct relationship between literacy levels, educational attainment, and incidence of poverty. As a rule, families with incomes below the poverty line could not afford to educate their children beyond elementary school. Programs aimed at improving work productivity and family income could alleviate some of the problems in education, such as the high dropout rates that reflected, at least in part, family and work needs. Other problems, such as poor teacher performance, reflected overcrowded classrooms, lack of particular language skills, and low wages. These problems, in turn, resulted in poor student performance and high repeater rates and required direct action.
Vocational education in the late 1980s was receiving greater emphasis then in the past. Traditionally, Filipinos have tended to equate the attainment of education directly with escape from manual labor. Thus it has not been easy to win general popular support for vocational training.
Catholic and Protestant churches sponsored schools, and there were also proprietary (privately owned, nonsectarian) schools. Neither the proprietary nor the religious schools received state aid except for occasional subsidies for special programs. Only about 6 percent of elementary students were in private schools, but the proportion rose sharply to about 63 percent at the secondary level and approximately 85 percent at the tertiary level. About a third of the private school tertiary-level enrollment was in religiously affiliated schools.
In 1990 over 10,000 foreign students studied in the Philippines, mostly in the regular system, although there were three schools for international students--Brent in Baguio and Faith Academy and the International School in Manila. These schools had some Filipino students and faculty, but the majority of the students and faculty were foreign, mostly American. Faith Academy served primarily the children of missionaries, although others were admitted as space was available.
Chinese in the Philippines have established their own system of elementary and secondary schools. Classes in the morning covered the usual Filipino curriculum and were taught by Filipino teachers. In the afternoon, classes taught by Chinese teachers offered instruction in Chinese language and literature.
In 1990 the education system offered six years of elementary instruction followed by four years of high school. Children entered primary school at the age of seven. Instruction was bilingual in Pilipino and English, although it was often claimed that English was being slighted. Before independence in 1946, all instruction was in English; since then, the national language, Pilipino, has been increasingly emphasized. Until the compulsory study of Spanish was abolished in 1987, secondary and highereducation students had to contend with three languages--Pilipino, English, and Spanish.
In 1991 all education was governed by the Department of Education, Culture, and Sports, which had direct supervision over public schools and set mandatory policies for private schools as well. Bureaus of elementary, secondary, and higher education supervised functional and regional offices. District supervisors exercised direct administrative oversight of principals and teachers in their district. There was a separate office for nonformal education, which served students not working for a graduation certificate from a conventional school. Financing for public schools came from the national treasury, although localities could supplement national appropriations.
Education policies fluctuated constantly and were likely to be changed before teachers became accustomed to them. Areas of disagreement among Filipinos produced educational change as one faction or another gained control of a highly centralized public education administration. One example was the community school program that sought to involve schools in agricultural improvement. It was pushed vigorously in the 1950s, but little has been heard about it since. Another policy issue was the choice of a language of instruction. Until independence, English was, at least in theory, the language of instruction from first grade through college. The emphasis on English was followed by a shift toward local languages (of which there were eighty-seven), with simultaneous instruction in English and Pilipino in later grades. Then, at least in official directives, in 1974 schools were told to drop the local language, and a bilingual--English and Pilipino--program was adopted.
One of the most serious problems in the Philippines in the 1980s and early 1990s concerned the large number of students who completed college but then could not find a job commensurate with their educational skills. If properly utilized, these trained personnel could facilitate economic development, but when left idle or forced to take jobs beneath their qualifications, this group could be a major source of discontent.
POVERTY
IN
THE
PHILIPPINES
THE CAUSE OF MISSEDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
The education in general helps us work , but lets take from other point of view , if most of the philpino people don't study , the country is going to face a problem where the demanded skills dont match the skills available with the people , therefore too unemployment will result in less country output or economical output ...
ACTIONS TAKEN TO PREVENT MISSEDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
APEC Education Forum - "Education Ministers from 14 member economies of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) met in Washington in 1992 August at the invitation of the United States. They agreed to form an APEC Education Forum within APEC's Human Resources Development Working Group and to coordinate joint activities in the field of education. APEC itself was formed in 1989 as a new mechanism for multilateral cooperation among the economies of the Asia-Pacific Region"
# Aquinas University of Legazpi
# Asian Institute of Management
# Ateneo de Cagayan de Oro
# Ateneo de Manila University
# Ateneo de Naga
# Ateneo de Zamboanga
# Bicol University - in Legazpi City, this is the State University
# Cebu Normal University
# Center for Philippine Studies, University of Hawai'i (USA) - established in 1975 in recognition of the faculty strength and other academic resources on the Philippines at the University of Hawai'i, and of the contributions of Filipinos to the development of Hawai'i. It is the only academic institution in the United States offering a program of instruction, research, and outreach devoted to the study of the Philippines and over Filipinos
# Central Luzon State University
# Central Philippines University
# Central Visayas Polytechnic College - the State College in Negros Oriental, Dumaguete City
# De la Salle University
# Filipinas Heritage Library - "a knowledge network of the nation, the Library is a gift to the country from the Ayala Group of Companies for the Philippine centennial. Formerly located at Ayala Museum, the Library opened to the public in 1996 at the historic Nielson Tower"
# International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) - improves the quality of life of the rural poor in developing countries through rural reconstruction: a sustainable, integrated and people-centered development strategy generated through practical field experience
# International Rice Research Institute - a nonprofit agricultural research and training center established to improve the well-being of present and future generations of rice farmers and consumers, particularly those with low incomes. It is dedicated to helping farmers in developing countries produce more food on limited land using less water, less labor, and fewer chemical inputs, without harming the environment. IRRI employs about 975 scientific and support staff members, 88% of whom are Filipinos. About 115 scientists are recruited internationally; about half of them are from developing countries
# Mindanao State University, Iligan Institute of Technology
# Misamis University
# Philippine Institute for Development Studies - a nonstock, nonprofit government research institution engaged in long-term, policy-oriented research. It was established on September 26, 1977 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1201. Through its activities, it hopes to expand policy-oriented research on social and economic development so that it can directly assist the government in planning and policymaking
# Philippine Studies Association of Australia - Australian and Philippines experts studying all aspects of the development of the Philippines; the site provides insight in their history, achievements, and activities; interesting resources
# Philippine Women's University
# Philippines Studies Directory of Japan - plus links to researchers in the United States of America
# Saint Louis University, Baguio City
# Silliman University, Dumaguete City
# Social Weather Station - "established in August 1985 as a private non-stock, nonprofit social research institution. Its members, called Fellows, are social scientists in economics, political science, sociology, statistics, market research, and other fields"
# Technical Education and Skills Development Authority - "a major thrust of TESDA is the formulation of a comprehensive development plan for middle-level manpower based upon a National Technical Education and Skills Development Plan. This plan shall provide for a reformed industry-based training program that includes apprenticeship, dual training system and other similar schemes"
# University of Batangas
# University of the East
# University of the Immaculate Conception, Davao City
# University of Nueva Caceres
# University of the Philippines at Diliman
* Center for Local and Regional Governance
* Institute of International Legal Studies
* Research Dissemination & Utilization Office of the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Development
* School of Urban and Regional Planning
# University of the Philippines at Los Baños
# University of the Philippines at Manila
* College of Public Health
* National Teacher Training Center for the Health Professions (NTTC-HP)
* School of Health Science
# University of the Philippines: Open University
# University of the Philippines in the Visayas
# University of San Carlos, Cebu City
OVER POPULATION
IN
THE
PHILIPPINES
UNSERSTANDING THE OVER POPULATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
Population Growth
The Philippine population in the early 1990s continued to grow at a rapid, although somewhat reduced rate from that which had prevailed in the preceding decades. In 1990 the Philippine population was more than 66 million, up from 48 million in 1980. This figure represents an annual growth rate of 2.5 percent, down from 2.6 percent in 1980 and from more than 3 percent in the 1960s. Even at the lower growth rate, the Philippine population will increase to an estimated 77 million by the year 2000 and will double every twenty-nine years into the next century. Moreover, in 1990 the population was still a youthful one, with 57 percent under the age of twenty. The birth rate in early 1991 was 29 per 1,000, and the death rate was 7 per 1,000. The infant mortality rate was 48 deaths per 1,000 live births. Population density increased from 160 per square kilometer in 1980 to 220 in 1990. The rapid population growth and the size of the younger population has required the Philippines to double the amount of housing, schools, and health facilities every twenty-nine years just to maintain a constant level.
Migration
There were two significant migration trends that affected population figures in the 1970s and the 1980s. First was a trend of migration from village to city, which put extra stress on urban areas. As of the early 1980s, thirty cities had 100,000 or more residents, up from twenty-one in 1970. Metro Manila's population was 5,924,563, up from 4,970,006 in 1975, marking an annual growth rate of 3.6 percent. This figure was far above the national average of 2.5 percent. Within Metro Manila, the city of Manila itself was growing more slowly, at a rate of only 1.9 percent per annum, but two other cities within this complex, Quezon City and Caloocan, were booming at rates of 4 percent and 3.5 percent, respectively.
A National Housing Authority report revealed that, in the early 1980s, one out of four Metro Manila residents was a squatter. This figure represented a 150 percent increase in a decade in the number of people living in shantytown communities, evidence of continuing, virtually uncontrolled, rural-urban migration. The city of Manila had more than 500,000 inhabitants and Quezon City had 371,000 inhabitants in such neighborhoods. Moreover, rural-urban migrants, responding to better employment opportunities in peripheral metropolitan cities such as Navotas, had boosted the percentage of squatters in that city's total population.
A second major migration pattern consisted of resettlement from the more densely to the less densely populated regions. As a result of a population-land ratio that declined from about one cultivated hectare per agricultural worker in the 1950s to about 0.5 hectare by the early 1980s, thousands of Filipinos had migrated to the agricultural frontier on Mindanao. According to the 1980 census, six of the twelve fastest growing provinces were in the western, northern, or southern Mindanao regions, and a seventh was the frontier province of Palawan. Sulu, South Cotabato, Misamis Oriental, Surigao del Norte, Agusan del Norte, and Agusan del Sur provinces all had annual population growth rates of 4 percent or more, a remarkable statistic given the uncertain law-and-order situation on Mindanao. Among the fastestgrowing cities in the late 1970s were General Santos (10 percent annual growth rate), Iligan (6.9), Cagayan de Oro (6.7), Cotabato (5.7), Zamboanga (5.4), Butuan (5.4), and Dipolog (5.1)--all on Mindanao.
By the early 1980s, the Mindanao frontier had ceased to offer a safety valve for land-hungry settlers. Hitherto peaceful provinces had become dangerous tinderboxes in which mounting numbers of Philippine army troops and New People's Army insurgents carried on a sporadic shooting war with each other and with bandits, "lost commands," millenarian religious groups, upland tribes, loggers, and Muslims. Population pressures also created an added obstacle to land reform. For years, there had been demands to restructure land tenure so that landlords with large holdings could be eliminated and peasants could become farm owners. In the past, land reform had been opposed by landlords. In the 1990s there simply was not enough land to enable a majority of the rural inhabitants to become landowners. International migration has offered better economic opportunities to a number of Filipinos without, however, reaching the point where it would relieve population pressure. Since the liberalization of United States immigration laws in 1965, the number of people in the United States having Filipino ancestry had grown substantially to 1,406,770 according to the 1990 United States census. In the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990, the United States Embassy in Manila issued 45,189 immigrant and 85,128 temporary visas, the largest number up to that time.
In addition to permanent residents, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, more than half a million temporary migrants went abroad to work but maintained a Philippine residence. This number included contract workers in the Middle East and domestic servants in Hong Kong and Singapore, as well as nurses and physicians who went to the United States for training and work experience, a fair proportion of whom managed to become permanent residents. The remittances sent back to the Philippines by migrants have been a substantial source of foreign exchange.
Population Control
Popcom was the government agency with primary responsibility for controlling population growth. In 1985 Popcom set a target for reducing the growth rate to 1 percent by 2000. To reach that goal in the 1990s, Popcom recommended that families have a maximum of two children, that they space the birth of children at three-year intervals, and that women delay marriage to age twenty-three and men to age twenty-five.
During the Marcos regime (1965-86), there was a rather uneasy accommodation between the Catholic hierarchy and the government population control program. Bishops served on Popcom, and the rhythm method was included by clinics as a birth-control method about which they could give information. A few Catholic priests, notably Frank Lynch, even called for energetic support of population limitation.
The fall of Marcos coincided with a general rise of skepticism about the relation between population growth and economic development. It became common to state that exploitation, rather than population pressure, was the cause of poverty. The bishops withdrew from the Popcom board, opposed an effort to reduce the number of children counted as dependents for tax purposes, secured the removal of the population-planning clause from the draft of the Constitution, and attempted to end government population programs. Attacks on the government population program were defeated, and efforts to popularize family planning, along with the provision of contraceptive materials, continued. In the early 1990s, however, the program generally lacked the firm government support needed to make it effective.
CAUSE OF OVERPOPULATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
Comment on Government and Church initiative regarding overpopulation:
Overpopulation is and should be everyone's concern. It's not something that we should blame only on the poor or the government or especially only on those who have seemingly taken God's directive to "go forth and multiply" to heart.
In 1970, Philippine government launched the Philippine Population Program (POPCOM) and later the National Family Planning Program. According to my research, the Catholic Bishop's Conference of the Philippines had repeatedly opposed the proposal of the government regarding the use of articial method to control the issue on population growth.
Even if there are numerous programs that the government will propose, Roman Catholic would still oppose those proposals because it’s against their teachings and the scriptures. Catholic Church in the Philippines preaches against abortions and other types of contraception. The government can't change the way they think and their stand on these issues. They even said that they won't give communion to those social workers that promote the use of condoms and other birth control methods. I believe that they are not "close- minded" individuals, they just settle for the safest way in alleviating overpopulation.
However, they could be other ways to solve the overpopulation issue. One is through education about pregnancy and its prevention. The government should make programs that would educate the people especially, the poor families on how to have good family planning. I propose that they also educate teenagers on the consequences of unwanted pregnancy and pre-marital sex. Lack of education is one of the leading causes of overpopulation. Instead of corrupting the nation's money, they should allocate it to programs that would make the lives of its nation better. Another is through creating jobs to numerous unemployed Filipinos. Overpopulation is closely related to poverty. The government should provide the Filipinos with jobs that they have proimised for them to earn an income sufficient enough to meet the needs of the members of the family.
The biggest cause of overpopulation in the Philippines is the lack of education. People there don't have the knowledge on how to use a contraceptives. The big and powerful Roman Catholic Church (which basically controls the country) disapproves of any form of sexual education and birth contraceptives. This explains the lack of sexual education and the government constant refusal to provide free birth control for it's citizens.
The biggest cause of overpopulation in the Philippines is the lack of education. People there don't have the knowledge on how to use a contraceptives. The big and powerful Roman Catholic Church (which basically controls the country) disapproves of any form of sexual education and birth contraceptives. This explains the lack of sexual education and the government constant refusal to provide free birth control for it's citizens.
October 2001. The Population Commission (Popcom) said there are 30.6 million Filipinos or 6.12 million families who are suffering from poverty. I took consolation with the notion that we are not alone, yet this dismayed over the complacency of our national government officials who seem undisturbed by the fact that 40 percent of their constituents live below the poverty line throughout the country's 78 provinces, 84 cities or 41,940 barangays. How can they sit back and relax?
There are about 77 million Filipinos today, and this number is growing by 2.05 percent annually. This means that some 1.5 million Filipinos are born every year, 600,000 of whom to poor parents. Some 32.5 million Filipinos, comprising 66.3 percent of the population, are considered matured enough to work. But 3.3 million of these people, or 10.1 percent of the workforce, cannot find jobs while 5.2 million others, or 17.7 percent, have no regular source of income.
By international standards, these are critical problems. The Taiwanese government is in the brink of panic, because the unemployment rate in that country just north of Luzon is threatening to hit 5 percent, year-on-year. Yet, our Filipino government officials are sitting relaxed inside posh restaurants and five-star hotels, as 8.5 million Filipinos or 28 percent of the workforce are trying to figure out where to source the next meal for their families.
According to the World Bank, the Philippines had a per capita GNP of US$1,050 in 1999, compared to China's US$780, Indonesia's US$600, Vietnam's US$370, Lao's US$290 or Cambodia's US$280. Yet, the Philippines' poverty incidence rate of 40 percent is higher than China's 3 percent, Indonesia's 23 percent, Vietnam's 37 percent, Lao's 38 percent or Cambodia's 36 percent. Why is that? Wealth in the Philippines is concentrated on the hands of the few, that's why. It is the World Bank, and not the NDF, which gave such explanation.
Now consider this, the prestigious Forbes magazine has included at least five Filipinos in the list of world billionaires (US dollars). Let us rejoice! Imagine, highly industrial and welfare states like France, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden do not have a single representative to the billionaires' circle.
Among Southeast Asian countries, poverty incidence is most extreme in the Philippines where some 15.3 million Filipinos (half of the poor population) wake up every morning without food on the table. These people are called subsistence individuals or whose income cannot provide for basic food requirements. Popcom's data is even conservative because in its interpretation, a family of six earning a total of P72,000 a year is not considered poor. In contrast, a study conducted by the National Wages and Productivity Commission (NWPC) pegged the minimum income that a family of six must earn annually at P191,874 in order to live decently in Metro Manila.
The labor sector has been demanding for a P125 daily wage hike or 50 percent of the current level but the group of employers claimed that such wage adjustment would force many establishments out of business. Listening more to the rhetoric of the rich rather than to the howl of the poor, the Regional Tripartite Wage Board has approved only a P30 daily wage increase in the metropolis. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) event want us to believe that the previous minimum daily wage of US$5 (P250) in Manila is much higher than China's US$1. Ironically, the Philippines reported a poverty incidence rate of 40 percent, much higher than China's 3 percent.
What makes things more difficult for us is the high prices of commodities. The country's inflation rate, estimated at 6 to 7 percent annually, is the highest in Asia. Japan, a super rich country, is ironically having a deflation.
Let us make some computation. A person who is covered by the minimum wage would not take home P250 a day. Most likely, the wage, after tax and pension deductions, on top of travel and meal expenses, would amount to something like P150. A person who passes by a fastfood center, which is not in anyway a luxurious restaurant, might spend at least P50, or 33 percent of his take-home income on a roll of rice and a fried chicken wing. That explains his purchasing power. Imagine spending all of your daily income in just three meals at an inexpensive restaurant. Food is supposed to account for less than 20 percent of a man's expenses.
While it might be true that a P125 daily wage adjustment will be bad for business (the Central Banks warned it would push inflation rate to 18 percent), this might be the only option that the poor has against poverty. Unless the government can do something like bringing the prices of food and other basic commodities, there is no other recourse but to increase the poor's purchasing power. The government needs to do its own computation, and put some system in managing the affairs of the nation.
Sadly, it seems that our government officials haven't learned anything from the past. Only last year, about 500 people were killed when a 50-meter pile of garbage collapsed on their makeshift houses in a dumpsite in Quezon City. This was the absolute face of poverty, whose image failed to instill understanding among our numb leaders. Now, who could blame the 20,000 protesters who stormed to Malacanang Palace last May 1. The people in the media, who were not even aware on what the attack was about, had the guts to brand these protesters a mob of poor and undisciplined warriors.
It also seems that the current crop of leaders have nothing to offer, and one opposition senator even admitted that in 30 years, the Philippines will not even reach the level of Thailand, which I understand, is still a poor country. This is anything but encouraging. Imagine spending the next 30 years of your life in poverty (if the tension in Central Asia does not lead into another world war, of course). We wait for a day that one leader will rise to change our mindset and status in life. Someone who will promise to turn the Philippines into a country of mostly rich people in his lifetime and can convince us that he really can.
THE CAUSE OF PROVERTY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Poverty
- Poverty in the Philippines
- Causes for poverty in the Philippines
- Some solution that can solve the poverty in Philippines
- Reasons and solutions for poverty for most countries such as India and other countries suffering from widespread poverty
One of the most recent questions tonight is:
"Some solution that can solve the poverty in Philippines"
To answer that question we first need to analyze sincerely but critique the various causes for poverty in the Philippines as well as in most other countries.
Poverty can be manifold - poverty in the Philippines can be divided by priority into following causes:
- Poverty in the Philippines caused by laziness to work harder and more hours
- Poverty in the Philippines caused by lack of quality consciousness
- Poverty in the Philippines caused by lack of love FOR God and thus FOR all his children on earth
- Poverty in the Philippines caused by abuse by rich ones
- Poverty in the Philippines caused by mismanagement of government due to lack of sincere interest for the benefit of ALL
- Poverty in the Philippines caused by social injustice created by mankind / industry / money world / investors / rich ones
- Poverty in the Philippines caused by accidents / disasters / war / political instability
- Poverty in the Philippines caused by personal karma.
From one perspective, poverty is a function of total output of an economy relative to its population--GNP per capita--and the distribution of that income among families. In the World Bank's World Development Report, 1990, the Philippines was ranked at the lower end of the grouping of lower middle-income economies. Given its relative position, the country should be able to limit the extent of poverty with a reasonably equitable sharing of the nation's income. In fact, the actual distribution of income was highly skewed (see table 12, Appendix). Although considerable underreporting was thought to occur among upper-income families, and incorrect reporting from lack of information was common, particularly with respect to noncash income, the data were adequate to provide a broad overview.
In 1988 the most affluent 20 percent of families in the Philippines received more than 50 percent of total personal income, with most going to the top 10 percent. Below the richest 10 percent of the population, the share accruing to each decile diminished rather gradually. A 1988 World Bank poverty report suggested that there had been a small shift toward a more equal distribution of income since 1961. The beneficiaries appear to have been middle-income earners, however, rather than the poor.
The World Bank report concluded, and many economists associated with the Philippines concurred, that the country's high population growth rate was a major cause of the widespread poverty, particularly in the rural areas. Implementation of a government-sponsored family-planning program, however, was thwarted by stiff opposition from the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church (see Population Control , ch. 2). Church pronouncements in the late 1980s and early 1990s focused on injustice, graft and corruption, and mismanagement of resources as the fundamental causes of Philippine underdevelopment. These issues were in turn linked to the concentration of control of economic resources and the structure of the economy. Land ownership was highly unequal, but land reform initiatives had made little progress.
In urban areas also, the extent of poverty was related to the concentrated control of wealth. Considerable portions of both industry and finance were highly monopolized. Access to finance was severely limited to those who already possessed resources. The most profitable investment opportunities were often in areas in which tariff or other forms of government protection ensured high profits but did not necessarily result in rapidly expanding employment opportunities. In her election campaign President Aquino pledged to destroy the monopolies and structures of privilege aggravated by the Marcos regime. She looked to the private sector to revitalize the economy, create jobs for the masses of Filipinos, and lead the society to a higher standard of living. The state-protected monopolies were dismantled, but not the monopoly structure of the Philippine economy that existed long before Marcos assumed power. In their privileged positions, the business elite did not live up to the President's expectations. As a consequence, unemployment and, more importantly for the issue of poverty, underemployment remained widespread.
ACTIONS TAKEN TO FIGHT POVERTY IN THE PHILIPPINES
THERE ARE CAMPAIGNS, and there are campaigns. have. From mobilizing for students rights and welfare to anti-US military bases, from indigenous people’s right to self-determination to freedom from East Timor, from fund raising for ailing activists and artists to peace campaign for Mindanao.
But the Stand Up, Take Action campaign has a different take. One, it is competing against itself to break the Guinness Book of World Records for the most number of people who stood up against poverty; second the need to coordinate the actions of various people’s movements and governments, and consolidate these efforts; third, the follow through, meaning building up from what has been achieved to perhaps set an even bigger record next year.
And we are not talking of the discourse yet as to how breaking the Guinness record can actually end poverty!
But the persistence of the global organizers and the enthusiasm of the people’s movements all over will spell the difference. The GCAP experience in the Philippines runs along the same course.
The 50-50 Campaign
The 50-50 campaign was a product of the brainstorming of the coordinating committee in July. It took its cue from World Vision’s 50 Little Things, a guide book for children on how to help make a better Philippines.
Coalition members readily agreed to seek personal commitments to end poverty and submit these to the government as testimonies of a people wanting to end poverty, and demand from the government to fulfill its promises .
Interestingly, after the agreement in the CC level, Chona Ramos of SENCA informed us of the international campaign In My Name which is similar in many ways to our 50-50 campaign. At least, we are confident we are in the same wavelength !
The Philippine secretariat took the initiative to draft the content of the sign up form, passed it to CC for deliberation , editing and approval.
When the forms were out, we noticed a slow turn in of signed-up forms. It was then we realized there’s just too much text in the form, and demands too much to read and tick off. But it is too late to change. We complemented it with an online petition and a Facebook cause invitation
Meanwhile, on the ground, coalition members continued to gather signatures. By the evening of October 17, Stand Up day, here are the figures we gathered (including figures from World Vision and UNYAP:
* 50-50 sign up forms - 26,462
* Facebook - 790
* Online Petition - 187
Mobilization
Preparations for the October 17 mobilization started Monday, 13 october, the International Day of Action Aghainst Debt and IFIs when GCAP-Phils partnered with Freedom from Debt Coalition for a round table discussion on Debt and Climate Change.
This was followed by street mobilization on October 16, World Food Day with some 200 people demanding government program for food sovereignty and sustainability. In the afternoon of the 16th, GCAP also took part in a round table discussion organized by ODA Watch.
On Day 1 of Stand Up Day, October 17, some 1,500 fisherfolk and supporters from GCAP marched to and picketed the Department of Agriculture. The picket dramatized the fisherfolk’s demand to scrap the free trade agreements, specifically the recent one with Japan (JPEPA).
Simultaneous with the picket, the youth organized a sign-up campaign in a public high school in Quezon City and gathered 1,871 signatures. Down south, youth volunteers also in Cagayan de Oro also organized their own sign up centers and gathered 2,751 signatures.
In the evening, some 2,000 plus people gathered at the Liwasang Bonifacio for the finals of the Rap Against Poverty competition, back to back with Palag Na! an anti-VAT concert. Prior to the competition, we had a showing of the video Missed Targets, produced earlier by GCAP and Social Watch on the failure of the Arroyo government to meet its promises to the poor.
On Saturday and Sunday, artists involved in the rights and welfare of the indigenous peoples organized an art camp. Some 5,000 attended the two whole day event.
Media
Notice for the rap finals saw print in two tabloids and a major daily. The National Coordinator was interviewed over the ABS-CBN News Channel (ANC) in the morning of October 17 with two rappers (significantly, the two won top prize) and over dzBB, a radio station in the afternoon.
Likewise the signature campaign gained the support of local movie and television celebrities
The Stand Up Take Action Day also merited solidarity messages from two Senators, Loren Legarda and Mar Roxas. Both are rumored to be eyeing the presidency in 2010.
Projection and Continuity
While Stand Up Day is over and done with, the campaign for the eradication of poverty continues, and will now build up for the December Human Rights Day.
The signature campaign will continue until we reach the target one million signature. The rap music composed by the finalists will be produced in an album (with additional songs, also talking of poverty eradication, by members of the board of judges).
But first, we need to get back to the list of those who signed up to thank them and maintain relationship with them, at least through online communications to keep them in the loop of the anti-poverty advocacy.
EDUCATION
IN
THE
PHILIPPINES
EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
In 1991 the education system was reaching a relatively large part of the population, at least at the elementary level. According to 1988 Philippine government figures, which count as literate everyone who has completed four years of elementary school, the overall literacy rate was 88 percent, up from 82.6 percent in 1970. Literacy rates were virtually the same for women and men. Elementary education was free and, in the 1987 academic year, was provided to some 15 million schoolchildren, 96.4 percent of the age-group. High school enrollment rates were approximately 56 percent nationwide but were somewhat lower on Mindanao and in Eastern Visayas region. Enrollment in institutions of higher learning exceeded 1.6 million.
Filipinos have a deep regard for education, which they view as a primary avenue for upward social and economic mobility. From the onset of United States colonial rule, with its heavy emphasis on mass public education, Filipinos internalized the American ideal of a democratic society in which individuals could get ahead through attainment of a good education. Middle-class parents make tremendous sacrifices in order to provide secondary and higher education for their children.
Philippine education institutions in the late 1980s varied in quality. Some universities were excellent, others were considered "diploma mills" with low standards. Public elementary schools often promoted students regardless of achievement, and students, especially those in poor rural areas, had relatively low test scores.
The proportion of the national government budget going to education has varied from a high of 31.53 percent in 1957 to a low of 7.61 percent in 1981. It stood at 15.5 percent in 1987. The peso amount, however, has steadily increased, and the lower percentage reflects the effect of a larger total government budget. Although some materials were still in short supply, by 1988 the school system was able to provide one textbook per subject per student. In 1991 the Philippine government and universities had numerous scholarship programs to provide students from low-income families with access to education. The University of the Philippines followed a "socialized tuition" plan whereby students from higher income families paid higher fees and students from the lowest income families were eligible for free tuition plus a living allowance.
Historical Background
Many of the Filipinos who led the revolution against Spain in the 1890s were ilustrados. Ilustrados, almost without exception, came from wealthy Filipino families that could afford to send them to the limited number of secondary schools (colegios) open to non-Spaniards. Some of them went on to the University of Santo Tomás in Manila or to Spain for higher education. Although these educational opportunities were not available to most Filipinos, the Spanish colonial government had initiated a system of free, compulsory primary education in 1863. By 1898 enrollment in schools at all levels exceeded 200,000 students.
Between 1901 and 1902, more than 1,000 American teachers, known as "Thomasites" for the S.S. Thomas, which transported the original groups to the Philippines, fanned out across the archipelago to open barangay schools. They taught in English and, although they did not completely succeed in Americanizing their wards, instilled in the Filipinos a deep faith in the general value of education. Almost immediately, enrollments began to mushroom from a total of only 150,000 in 1900-1901 to just under 1 million in elementary schools two decades later. After independence in 1946, the government picked up this emphasis on education and opened schools in even the remotest areas of the archipelago during the 1950s and the 1960s.
Education in the Modern Period
The expansion in the availability of education was not always accompanied by qualitative improvements. Therefore, quality became a major concern in the 1970s and early 1980s. Data for the 1970s show significant differences in literacy for different regions of the country and between rural and urban areas. Western Mindanao Region, for example, had a literacy rate of 65 percent as compared with 90 percent for Central Luzon and 95 percent for Metro Manila. A survey of elementary-school graduates taken in the mid-1970s indicated that many of the respondents had failed to absorb much of the required course work and revealed major deficiencies in reading, mathematics, and language. Performance was poorest among respondents from Mindanao and only somewhat better for those from the Visayan Islands, whereas the best performance was in the Central Luzon and Southern Tagalog regions.
Other data revealed a direct relationship between literacy levels, educational attainment, and incidence of poverty. As a rule, families with incomes below the poverty line could not afford to educate their children beyond elementary school. Programs aimed at improving work productivity and family income could alleviate some of the problems in education, such as the high dropout rates that reflected, at least in part, family and work needs. Other problems, such as poor teacher performance, reflected overcrowded classrooms, lack of particular language skills, and low wages. These problems, in turn, resulted in poor student performance and high repeater rates and required direct action.
Vocational education in the late 1980s was receiving greater emphasis then in the past. Traditionally, Filipinos have tended to equate the attainment of education directly with escape from manual labor. Thus it has not been easy to win general popular support for vocational training.
Catholic and Protestant churches sponsored schools, and there were also proprietary (privately owned, nonsectarian) schools. Neither the proprietary nor the religious schools received state aid except for occasional subsidies for special programs. Only about 6 percent of elementary students were in private schools, but the proportion rose sharply to about 63 percent at the secondary level and approximately 85 percent at the tertiary level. About a third of the private school tertiary-level enrollment was in religiously affiliated schools.
In 1990 over 10,000 foreign students studied in the Philippines, mostly in the regular system, although there were three schools for international students--Brent in Baguio and Faith Academy and the International School in Manila. These schools had some Filipino students and faculty, but the majority of the students and faculty were foreign, mostly American. Faith Academy served primarily the children of missionaries, although others were admitted as space was available.
Chinese in the Philippines have established their own system of elementary and secondary schools. Classes in the morning covered the usual Filipino curriculum and were taught by Filipino teachers. In the afternoon, classes taught by Chinese teachers offered instruction in Chinese language and literature.
In 1990 the education system offered six years of elementary instruction followed by four years of high school. Children entered primary school at the age of seven. Instruction was bilingual in Pilipino and English, although it was often claimed that English was being slighted. Before independence in 1946, all instruction was in English; since then, the national language, Pilipino, has been increasingly emphasized. Until the compulsory study of Spanish was abolished in 1987, secondary and highereducation students had to contend with three languages--Pilipino, English, and Spanish.
In 1991 all education was governed by the Department of Education, Culture, and Sports, which had direct supervision over public schools and set mandatory policies for private schools as well. Bureaus of elementary, secondary, and higher education supervised functional and regional offices. District supervisors exercised direct administrative oversight of principals and teachers in their district. There was a separate office for nonformal education, which served students not working for a graduation certificate from a conventional school. Financing for public schools came from the national treasury, although localities could supplement national appropriations.
Education policies fluctuated constantly and were likely to be changed before teachers became accustomed to them. Areas of disagreement among Filipinos produced educational change as one faction or another gained control of a highly centralized public education administration. One example was the community school program that sought to involve schools in agricultural improvement. It was pushed vigorously in the 1950s, but little has been heard about it since. Another policy issue was the choice of a language of instruction. Until independence, English was, at least in theory, the language of instruction from first grade through college. The emphasis on English was followed by a shift toward local languages (of which there were eighty-seven), with simultaneous instruction in English and Pilipino in later grades. Then, at least in official directives, in 1974 schools were told to drop the local language, and a bilingual--English and Pilipino--program was adopted.
One of the most serious problems in the Philippines in the 1980s and early 1990s concerned the large number of students who completed college but then could not find a job commensurate with their educational skills. If properly utilized, these trained personnel could facilitate economic development, but when left idle or forced to take jobs beneath their qualifications, this group could be a major source of discontent.
POVERTY
IN
THE
PHILIPPINES
THE CAUSE OF MISSEDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
The education in general helps us work , but lets take from other point of view , if most of the philpino people don't study , the country is going to face a problem where the demanded skills dont match the skills available with the people , therefore too unemployment will result in less country output or economical output ...
ACTIONS TAKEN TO PREVENT MISSEDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
APEC Education Forum - "Education Ministers from 14 member economies of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) met in Washington in 1992 August at the invitation of the United States. They agreed to form an APEC Education Forum within APEC's Human Resources Development Working Group and to coordinate joint activities in the field of education. APEC itself was formed in 1989 as a new mechanism for multilateral cooperation among the economies of the Asia-Pacific Region"
# Aquinas University of Legazpi
# Asian Institute of Management
# Ateneo de Cagayan de Oro
# Ateneo de Manila University
# Ateneo de Naga
# Ateneo de Zamboanga
# Bicol University - in Legazpi City, this is the State University
# Cebu Normal University
# Center for Philippine Studies, University of Hawai'i (USA) - established in 1975 in recognition of the faculty strength and other academic resources on the Philippines at the University of Hawai'i, and of the contributions of Filipinos to the development of Hawai'i. It is the only academic institution in the United States offering a program of instruction, research, and outreach devoted to the study of the Philippines and over Filipinos
# Central Luzon State University
# Central Philippines University
# Central Visayas Polytechnic College - the State College in Negros Oriental, Dumaguete City
# De la Salle University
# Filipinas Heritage Library - "a knowledge network of the nation, the Library is a gift to the country from the Ayala Group of Companies for the Philippine centennial. Formerly located at Ayala Museum, the Library opened to the public in 1996 at the historic Nielson Tower"
# International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) - improves the quality of life of the rural poor in developing countries through rural reconstruction: a sustainable, integrated and people-centered development strategy generated through practical field experience
# International Rice Research Institute - a nonprofit agricultural research and training center established to improve the well-being of present and future generations of rice farmers and consumers, particularly those with low incomes. It is dedicated to helping farmers in developing countries produce more food on limited land using less water, less labor, and fewer chemical inputs, without harming the environment. IRRI employs about 975 scientific and support staff members, 88% of whom are Filipinos. About 115 scientists are recruited internationally; about half of them are from developing countries
# Mindanao State University, Iligan Institute of Technology
# Misamis University
# Philippine Institute for Development Studies - a nonstock, nonprofit government research institution engaged in long-term, policy-oriented research. It was established on September 26, 1977 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1201. Through its activities, it hopes to expand policy-oriented research on social and economic development so that it can directly assist the government in planning and policymaking
# Philippine Studies Association of Australia - Australian and Philippines experts studying all aspects of the development of the Philippines; the site provides insight in their history, achievements, and activities; interesting resources
# Philippine Women's University
# Philippines Studies Directory of Japan - plus links to researchers in the United States of America
# Saint Louis University, Baguio City
# Silliman University, Dumaguete City
# Social Weather Station - "established in August 1985 as a private non-stock, nonprofit social research institution. Its members, called Fellows, are social scientists in economics, political science, sociology, statistics, market research, and other fields"
# Technical Education and Skills Development Authority - "a major thrust of TESDA is the formulation of a comprehensive development plan for middle-level manpower based upon a National Technical Education and Skills Development Plan. This plan shall provide for a reformed industry-based training program that includes apprenticeship, dual training system and other similar schemes"
# University of Batangas
# University of the East
# University of the Immaculate Conception, Davao City
# University of Nueva Caceres
# University of the Philippines at Diliman
* Center for Local and Regional Governance
* Institute of International Legal Studies
* Research Dissemination & Utilization Office of the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Development
* School of Urban and Regional Planning
# University of the Philippines at Los Baños
# University of the Philippines at Manila
* College of Public Health
* National Teacher Training Center for the Health Professions (NTTC-HP)
* School of Health Science
# University of the Philippines: Open University
# University of the Philippines in the Visayas
# University of San Carlos, Cebu City
OVER POPULATION
IN
THE
PHILIPPINES
UNSERSTANDING THE OVER POPULATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
Population Growth
The Philippine population in the early 1990s continued to grow at a rapid, although somewhat reduced rate from that which had prevailed in the preceding decades. In 1990 the Philippine population was more than 66 million, up from 48 million in 1980. This figure represents an annual growth rate of 2.5 percent, down from 2.6 percent in 1980 and from more than 3 percent in the 1960s. Even at the lower growth rate, the Philippine population will increase to an estimated 77 million by the year 2000 and will double every twenty-nine years into the next century. Moreover, in 1990 the population was still a youthful one, with 57 percent under the age of twenty. The birth rate in early 1991 was 29 per 1,000, and the death rate was 7 per 1,000. The infant mortality rate was 48 deaths per 1,000 live births. Population density increased from 160 per square kilometer in 1980 to 220 in 1990. The rapid population growth and the size of the younger population has required the Philippines to double the amount of housing, schools, and health facilities every twenty-nine years just to maintain a constant level.
Migration
There were two significant migration trends that affected population figures in the 1970s and the 1980s. First was a trend of migration from village to city, which put extra stress on urban areas. As of the early 1980s, thirty cities had 100,000 or more residents, up from twenty-one in 1970. Metro Manila's population was 5,924,563, up from 4,970,006 in 1975, marking an annual growth rate of 3.6 percent. This figure was far above the national average of 2.5 percent. Within Metro Manila, the city of Manila itself was growing more slowly, at a rate of only 1.9 percent per annum, but two other cities within this complex, Quezon City and Caloocan, were booming at rates of 4 percent and 3.5 percent, respectively.
A National Housing Authority report revealed that, in the early 1980s, one out of four Metro Manila residents was a squatter. This figure represented a 150 percent increase in a decade in the number of people living in shantytown communities, evidence of continuing, virtually uncontrolled, rural-urban migration. The city of Manila had more than 500,000 inhabitants and Quezon City had 371,000 inhabitants in such neighborhoods. Moreover, rural-urban migrants, responding to better employment opportunities in peripheral metropolitan cities such as Navotas, had boosted the percentage of squatters in that city's total population.
A second major migration pattern consisted of resettlement from the more densely to the less densely populated regions. As a result of a population-land ratio that declined from about one cultivated hectare per agricultural worker in the 1950s to about 0.5 hectare by the early 1980s, thousands of Filipinos had migrated to the agricultural frontier on Mindanao. According to the 1980 census, six of the twelve fastest growing provinces were in the western, northern, or southern Mindanao regions, and a seventh was the frontier province of Palawan. Sulu, South Cotabato, Misamis Oriental, Surigao del Norte, Agusan del Norte, and Agusan del Sur provinces all had annual population growth rates of 4 percent or more, a remarkable statistic given the uncertain law-and-order situation on Mindanao. Among the fastestgrowing cities in the late 1970s were General Santos (10 percent annual growth rate), Iligan (6.9), Cagayan de Oro (6.7), Cotabato (5.7), Zamboanga (5.4), Butuan (5.4), and Dipolog (5.1)--all on Mindanao.
By the early 1980s, the Mindanao frontier had ceased to offer a safety valve for land-hungry settlers. Hitherto peaceful provinces had become dangerous tinderboxes in which mounting numbers of Philippine army troops and New People's Army insurgents carried on a sporadic shooting war with each other and with bandits, "lost commands," millenarian religious groups, upland tribes, loggers, and Muslims. Population pressures also created an added obstacle to land reform. For years, there had been demands to restructure land tenure so that landlords with large holdings could be eliminated and peasants could become farm owners. In the past, land reform had been opposed by landlords. In the 1990s there simply was not enough land to enable a majority of the rural inhabitants to become landowners. International migration has offered better economic opportunities to a number of Filipinos without, however, reaching the point where it would relieve population pressure. Since the liberalization of United States immigration laws in 1965, the number of people in the United States having Filipino ancestry had grown substantially to 1,406,770 according to the 1990 United States census. In the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990, the United States Embassy in Manila issued 45,189 immigrant and 85,128 temporary visas, the largest number up to that time.
In addition to permanent residents, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, more than half a million temporary migrants went abroad to work but maintained a Philippine residence. This number included contract workers in the Middle East and domestic servants in Hong Kong and Singapore, as well as nurses and physicians who went to the United States for training and work experience, a fair proportion of whom managed to become permanent residents. The remittances sent back to the Philippines by migrants have been a substantial source of foreign exchange.
Population Control
Popcom was the government agency with primary responsibility for controlling population growth. In 1985 Popcom set a target for reducing the growth rate to 1 percent by 2000. To reach that goal in the 1990s, Popcom recommended that families have a maximum of two children, that they space the birth of children at three-year intervals, and that women delay marriage to age twenty-three and men to age twenty-five.
During the Marcos regime (1965-86), there was a rather uneasy accommodation between the Catholic hierarchy and the government population control program. Bishops served on Popcom, and the rhythm method was included by clinics as a birth-control method about which they could give information. A few Catholic priests, notably Frank Lynch, even called for energetic support of population limitation.
The fall of Marcos coincided with a general rise of skepticism about the relation between population growth and economic development. It became common to state that exploitation, rather than population pressure, was the cause of poverty. The bishops withdrew from the Popcom board, opposed an effort to reduce the number of children counted as dependents for tax purposes, secured the removal of the population-planning clause from the draft of the Constitution, and attempted to end government population programs. Attacks on the government population program were defeated, and efforts to popularize family planning, along with the provision of contraceptive materials, continued. In the early 1990s, however, the program generally lacked the firm government support needed to make it effective.
CAUSE OF OVERPOPULATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
Comment on Government and Church initiative regarding overpopulation:
Overpopulation is and should be everyone's concern. It's not something that we should blame only on the poor or the government or especially only on those who have seemingly taken God's directive to "go forth and multiply" to heart.
In 1970, Philippine government launched the Philippine Population Program (POPCOM) and later the National Family Planning Program. According to my research, the Catholic Bishop's Conference of the Philippines had repeatedly opposed the proposal of the government regarding the use of articial method to control the issue on population growth.
Even if there are numerous programs that the government will propose, Roman Catholic would still oppose those proposals because it’s against their teachings and the scriptures. Catholic Church in the Philippines preaches against abortions and other types of contraception. The government can't change the way they think and their stand on these issues. They even said that they won't give communion to those social workers that promote the use of condoms and other birth control methods. I believe that they are not "close- minded" individuals, they just settle for the safest way in alleviating overpopulation.
However, they could be other ways to solve the overpopulation issue. One is through education about pregnancy and its prevention. The government should make programs that would educate the people especially, the poor families on how to have good family planning. I propose that they also educate teenagers on the consequences of unwanted pregnancy and pre-marital sex. Lack of education is one of the leading causes of overpopulation. Instead of corrupting the nation's money, they should allocate it to programs that would make the lives of its nation better. Another is through creating jobs to numerous unemployed Filipinos. Overpopulation is closely related to poverty. The government should provide the Filipinos with jobs that they have proimised for them to earn an income sufficient enough to meet the needs of the members of the family.
The biggest cause of overpopulation in the Philippines is the lack of education. People there don't have the knowledge on how to use a contraceptives. The big and powerful Roman Catholic Church (which basically controls the country) disapproves of any form of sexual education and birth contraceptives. This explains the lack of sexual education and the government constant refusal to provide free birth control for it's citizens.
The biggest cause of overpopulation in the Philippines is the lack of education. People there don't have the knowledge on how to use a contraceptives. The big and powerful Roman Catholic Church (which basically controls the country) disapproves of any form of sexual education and birth contraceptives. This explains the lack of sexual education and the government constant refusal to provide free birth control for it's citizens.
Cultural maping CEBU
Cultural Heritage mapping
Cebu City
Name of town and city: Cebu City.Originally, Cebu was called Sugbo. Cebuanos lived in stilt houses made of bamboo, wood and nipa. Men were extensively tattooed and women were lavishly ornamented with gold jewelries, silks and lip color. Unreasonable trade restrictions of the colonizing Spanish caused the rapid decline of Cebu as a trading port. However, in 19th century, restrictions were lifted and brought back the commercial life of the city. The Spanish troops headed by Ferdinand Magellan arrived Cebu in 1521 with a friendly reception from the island villagers. He made friends with Rajah Humabon and converted most of the locals to Christians including the leader’s family. But when Magellan reached the narrow strait to Mactan Island, the reception was not similar. He encountered a negative response and had a hard time entering the area. Lapu Lapu, the chief, resisted his entry and fought against the Spanish troops leaving Magellan lifeless on the ground. Cebu’s invasion was delayed until Legazpi and Fray Andres de Urdaneta arrived in 1566. The historic Fort San Pedro has served many purposes to the Cebuanos. It was constructed in 1565 upon the arrival of Legazpi on the ship San Pedro but remained unfinished until 1738. Originally intended to protect the island from Muslim raiders, the port also served as the barracks and defense post of the US army during the American occupation; a prison camp during the 3 year Japanese invasion; the city zoo; and now a small park. For many centuries, renovations have removed the waterfront lying few blocks from the Fort. Cebu was founded On April 7, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan landed in Cebu. The founder of Cebu City. It has a land area land area of 291.2 km². Of this, 55.9 km² is classified as urban, while 235.2 km² is classified as rural. Its boundaries are to the northeast of the city are Mandaue City and the town of Consolacion, to the west are Toledo City, the towns of Balamban, and Asturias, to the south are Talisay City and the town of Minglanilla. Across Mactan Strait to the east is Mactan Island where Lapu-Lapu City is located.
Built Heritage
Name of Heritage: Fort San Pedro
Present name: Fort San Pedro
Other name: bastions La Conception, San Ignacio de Loyola and San Miguel
It can be located in the area now called Plaza Indepedencia, in the Pier Area of Cebu City
Street Magallanes St. Cebu City it is on the province of Cebu City
Ownership History: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi - Spanish Government – to the next government and till the present government. Its original owner Spanish conquistador, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. Now the present owner of this heritage is under the care and administration of the City of Cebu, as historical park.
Constructions Data : It has a total area of 2,025 sq. meters; the walls are 20 ft. high,
8 ft. thick and each of the towers stands 30 ft. from the ground. It was built in year 1738
It was Built by the Spanish and indigenous Cebuano labourers
Description: The fort is triangular in shape, with two sides facing the sea and the third side fronting the land. The two sides facing the sea were defended with artillery and the side with a strong palisade made of wood. The purpose of its structure is built as military defense structure. Now the Present use or function of Port San Pedro is converted into a museum. Inside the fort houses the legacies of the Spanish Government. The well preserved Spanish artifacts such as the documents written in Spanish, paintings and sculpture. Also inside the fort are prison dungeons, living rooms, bedrooms, school rooms, a chapel and an oasis garden. A large statue of Legazpi and Antonio Pigafetta is erected outside the fort. The museum also houses old coins dating back to the time of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. The condition of Fort San Pedro was in good condition because it was taken care by the government
Artistic:
Social:
Historical:
Technical:
Lay outs:
Recommendation: There is nothing we can recommend to this place. The place was also taken care the government
Other Pictures:
Festival
Sinulog Festival
Name of festival: Sinulog Festival
The history of sinulog is a coincides with the feast of the Santo Niño de Cebu, patron saint of the city of Cebu. The feast day of the Santo Niño commemorates the baptism of the chieftain of the province, his queen, and his subjects in 1521. At this ceremony, an image of the Santo Niño was presented as a gift to Queen Juana by the explorer Ferdinand Magellan. This is the popular festival of Cebu. This festival is observed on every third Sunday of January. The holy image of Sto Nino de Cebu is worshipped at this festival. The most significant attraction of this festival is the mardi - grass type parade. The people, who take part in the parade, get dressed in colorful costumes and entertain the people by dancing to the beat of the drums.
The significance the Sinulog Carneval in Cebu celebrated in honor of Sto. Niño, the patron saint of Cebu, every third Sunday of January
Cuisine
Puso
Name of Dish: Puso. It can be describe as a bunch of heart-shaped containers, woven from coconut palm leaves, provide a unique way of cooking and eating rice. The recipe of making this food are the rice grains, skillfully measured and carefully placed into the container, are boiled to make what is jocularly referred to as "hanging rice" or "portable rice.” The significance of this food is a rice, called puso for the shape of the container (puso is the Cebuano word for the banana blossom), makes for a handy way of carrying rice to a picnic and of eating with one's fingers, sans fork, or flatware.
Other Photo
Cebu City
Name of town and city: Cebu City.Originally, Cebu was called Sugbo. Cebuanos lived in stilt houses made of bamboo, wood and nipa. Men were extensively tattooed and women were lavishly ornamented with gold jewelries, silks and lip color. Unreasonable trade restrictions of the colonizing Spanish caused the rapid decline of Cebu as a trading port. However, in 19th century, restrictions were lifted and brought back the commercial life of the city. The Spanish troops headed by Ferdinand Magellan arrived Cebu in 1521 with a friendly reception from the island villagers. He made friends with Rajah Humabon and converted most of the locals to Christians including the leader’s family. But when Magellan reached the narrow strait to Mactan Island, the reception was not similar. He encountered a negative response and had a hard time entering the area. Lapu Lapu, the chief, resisted his entry and fought against the Spanish troops leaving Magellan lifeless on the ground. Cebu’s invasion was delayed until Legazpi and Fray Andres de Urdaneta arrived in 1566. The historic Fort San Pedro has served many purposes to the Cebuanos. It was constructed in 1565 upon the arrival of Legazpi on the ship San Pedro but remained unfinished until 1738. Originally intended to protect the island from Muslim raiders, the port also served as the barracks and defense post of the US army during the American occupation; a prison camp during the 3 year Japanese invasion; the city zoo; and now a small park. For many centuries, renovations have removed the waterfront lying few blocks from the Fort. Cebu was founded On April 7, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan landed in Cebu. The founder of Cebu City. It has a land area land area of 291.2 km². Of this, 55.9 km² is classified as urban, while 235.2 km² is classified as rural. Its boundaries are to the northeast of the city are Mandaue City and the town of Consolacion, to the west are Toledo City, the towns of Balamban, and Asturias, to the south are Talisay City and the town of Minglanilla. Across Mactan Strait to the east is Mactan Island where Lapu-Lapu City is located.
Built Heritage
Name of Heritage: Fort San Pedro
Present name: Fort San Pedro
Other name: bastions La Conception, San Ignacio de Loyola and San Miguel
It can be located in the area now called Plaza Indepedencia, in the Pier Area of Cebu City
Street Magallanes St. Cebu City it is on the province of Cebu City
Ownership History: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi - Spanish Government – to the next government and till the present government. Its original owner Spanish conquistador, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. Now the present owner of this heritage is under the care and administration of the City of Cebu, as historical park.
Constructions Data : It has a total area of 2,025 sq. meters; the walls are 20 ft. high,
8 ft. thick and each of the towers stands 30 ft. from the ground. It was built in year 1738
It was Built by the Spanish and indigenous Cebuano labourers
Description: The fort is triangular in shape, with two sides facing the sea and the third side fronting the land. The two sides facing the sea were defended with artillery and the side with a strong palisade made of wood. The purpose of its structure is built as military defense structure. Now the Present use or function of Port San Pedro is converted into a museum. Inside the fort houses the legacies of the Spanish Government. The well preserved Spanish artifacts such as the documents written in Spanish, paintings and sculpture. Also inside the fort are prison dungeons, living rooms, bedrooms, school rooms, a chapel and an oasis garden. A large statue of Legazpi and Antonio Pigafetta is erected outside the fort. The museum also houses old coins dating back to the time of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. The condition of Fort San Pedro was in good condition because it was taken care by the government
Artistic:
Social:
Historical:
Technical:
Lay outs:
Recommendation: There is nothing we can recommend to this place. The place was also taken care the government
Other Pictures:
Festival
Sinulog Festival
Name of festival: Sinulog Festival
The history of sinulog is a coincides with the feast of the Santo Niño de Cebu, patron saint of the city of Cebu. The feast day of the Santo Niño commemorates the baptism of the chieftain of the province, his queen, and his subjects in 1521. At this ceremony, an image of the Santo Niño was presented as a gift to Queen Juana by the explorer Ferdinand Magellan. This is the popular festival of Cebu. This festival is observed on every third Sunday of January. The holy image of Sto Nino de Cebu is worshipped at this festival. The most significant attraction of this festival is the mardi - grass type parade. The people, who take part in the parade, get dressed in colorful costumes and entertain the people by dancing to the beat of the drums.
The significance the Sinulog Carneval in Cebu celebrated in honor of Sto. Niño, the patron saint of Cebu, every third Sunday of January
Cuisine
Puso
Name of Dish: Puso. It can be describe as a bunch of heart-shaped containers, woven from coconut palm leaves, provide a unique way of cooking and eating rice. The recipe of making this food are the rice grains, skillfully measured and carefully placed into the container, are boiled to make what is jocularly referred to as "hanging rice" or "portable rice.” The significance of this food is a rice, called puso for the shape of the container (puso is the Cebuano word for the banana blossom), makes for a handy way of carrying rice to a picnic and of eating with one's fingers, sans fork, or flatware.
Other Photo
Roman Contribution to civilization
Government Art Christianity
Republic Dali's Crucifixion Constantine -- allow Christianity to spread in Rome
Senate (inspiration for modern democracies)
Elections
Writing
- Roman alphabet
- Latin language and descendants
Architecture
Buildings
-Aqueducts -- water supply to its cities
-temples -
-roads with bridges -- communication across the far flung empire
- basilica – Act as town hall or court house
- amphitheaters - entertained the population
Wine-making (creating a lasting tradition in France, Italy, Spain...)
The 3 course meal (starter, main dish, desert
The Julian calendar (including current names of the months)
Republic Dali's Crucifixion Constantine -- allow Christianity to spread in Rome
Senate (inspiration for modern democracies)
Elections
Writing
- Roman alphabet
- Latin language and descendants
Architecture
Buildings
-Aqueducts -- water supply to its cities
-temples -
-roads with bridges -- communication across the far flung empire
- basilica – Act as town hall or court house
- amphitheaters - entertained the population
Wine-making (creating a lasting tradition in France, Italy, Spain...)
The 3 course meal (starter, main dish, desert
The Julian calendar (including current names of the months)
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